Pioneer Missions Explorations of the Sun, Jupiter, Saturn and Venus

Planetary scientists have been in the explore the solar system mode since the early 1960s, ever since NASA and other space agencies were capable of lofting satellites from Earth. Thats when the first lunar and Mars probes left Earth to study those worlds. The Pioneer  series of spacecraft were a large part of that effort. They performed first-of-their-kind explorations of the Sun, Jupiter, Saturn and Venus. They also paved the way for many other probes, including the Voyager missions, Cassini,  Galileo, and New Horizons.   The first in the Pioneer series of spacecraft was called Pioneer Able, and it studied the Moon. NASA   Pioneer 0, 1, 2 Pioneer Missions 0, 1, and 2 were the United States first attempts to study the Moon using spacecraft. These identical missions, which all failed to meet their lunar objectives, were followed by Pioneers 3 and 4. They were Americas first successful lunar missions. The next one in the series, Pioneer 5 provided the first maps of the interplanetary magnetic field. Pioneers 6,7,8, and 9 followed up as the worlds first solar monitoring network and provided warnings of increased solar activity which could affect Earth-orbiting satellites and ground systems. As NASA and the planetary science community were able to build more robust spacecraft that could travel farther than the inner solar system, they created and deployed the twin Pioneer 10 and 11 vehicles. These were the first spacecraft to ever visit Jupiter and Saturn. The craft performed a wide variety of scientific observations of the two planets and returned environmental data that was used during the design of the more sophisticated Voyager probes. Pioneer 10 was built at NASA Ames Research Center and included multiple detectors and instruments to study the planet, its gravitational field, and its magnetic field. NASA   Pioneer 3, 4 Following the unsuccessful USAF/NASA Pioneer Missions 0, 1, and 2 lunar missions, the U.S. Army and NASA launched two  more lunar missions. These were smaller than the previous spacecraft in the series and each carried only a single experiment to detect cosmic radiation. Both vehicles were supposed to fly by the Moon and return data about Earth and Moons radiation environment. The launch of Pioneer 3 failed when the launch vehicle firsts stage cut-off prematurely. Although Pioneer 3 did not achieve escape velocity, it reached an altitude of 102,332 km and discovered a second radiation belt around Earth. This is the configuration for Pioneers 3 and 4. NASA The launch of Pioneer 4 was successful, and it was the first American spacecraft to escape Earths gravitational pull as it passed within 58,983 km of the moon (about twice the planned flyby altitude). The spacecraft did return  data on the Moon radiation environment, although the desire to be the first man-made vehicle to fly past the moon was lost when the Soviet Unions Luna 1 passed by the Moon several weeks before Pioneer 4. Pioneer 6, 7, 7, 9, E Pioneers 6, 7, 8, and 9 were created to make the first detailed, comprehensive measurements of the solar wind, solar magnetic fields, and cosmic rays. Designed to measure large scale magnetic phenomena and particles and fields in interplanetary space, data from the vehicles have been used to better understand stellar processes as well as the structure and flow of the solar wind. The vehicles also acted as the worlds first space-based solar weather network, providing practical data on solar storms which impact communications and power on Earth. A fifth spacecraft, Pioneer E, was lost when it failed to orbit due to a launch vehicle failure. Pioneer 10, 11 Pioneers 10 and 11 were the first spacecraft to visit Jupiter (Pioneer 10 and 11) and Saturn (Pioneer 11 only). Acting as pathfinders for the Voyager missions, the vehicles provided the first up-close science observations of these planets, as well as information about the environments that would be encountered by the Voyagers. Instruments aboard the two craft studied Jupiter and Saturns atmospheres, magnetic fields, moons, and rings, as well as the interplanetary magnetic and dust particle environments, the solar wind, and cosmic rays. Following their planetary encounters, the vehicles continued on escape trajectories from the solar system. At the end of 1995, Pioneer 10 (the first man-made object to leave the solar system) was about 64 AU from the Sun and heading toward interstellar space at 2.6 AU/year. At the same time, Pioneer 11 was 44.7 AU from the Sun and heading outward at 2.5 AU/year. Following their planetary encounters, some experiments aboard both spacecraft were turned off to save power as the vehicles RTG power output degraded. Pioneer 11s mission ended on September 30, 1995, when its RTG power level was insufficient to operate any experiments and the spacecraft, could no longer be controlled. Contact with Pioneer 10 was lost in 2003. This artists concept of the Pioneer 12 spacecraft (twin to Pioneer 11) at Jupiter. It, like its twin, measured conditions at Jupiter, including its magnetic field and radiation environment. NASA Pioneer Venus Orbiter and Multiprobe Mission Pioneer Venus Orbiter was designed to perform long-term observations of the Venus atmosphere and surface features. After entering orbit around Venus in 1978, the spacecraft returned global maps of the planets clouds, atmosphere and ionosphere, measurements of the atmosphere-solar wind interaction, and radar maps of 93 percent of the surface of Venus. Additionally, the vehicle made use of several opportunities to make systematic UV observations of several comets. With a planned primary mission duration of only eight months, the Pioneer spacecraft remained in operation until October 8, 1992, when it finally burned up in the atmosphere of Venus after running out of propellant. Data from the Orbiter was correlated with data from its sister vehicle (Pioneer Venus Multiprobe and its atmospheric probes) to relate specific local measurements to the general state of the planet and its environment as observed from orbit. Despite their drastically different roles, the Pioneer Orbiter and Multiprobe were very similar in design. The use of identical systems (including flight hardware, flight software, and ground test equipment) and incorporation of existing designs from previous missions (including OSO and Intelsat) allowed the mission to meet its objectives at minimum cost. Pioneer Venus Multiprobe Pioneer Venus Multiprobe carried 4 probes designed to perform in-situ atmospheric measurements. Released from the carrier vehicle in mid-November 1978, the probes entered the atmosphere at 41,600 km/hr and carried a variety of experiments to measure chemical composition, pressure, density, and temperature of the mid-to-lower atmosphere. The probes, consisting of one  large heavily instrumented probe and three smaller probes, were targeted at different locations. The large probe entered near the planets equator (in daylight). The small probes were sent to different spots. The Pioneer Venus Multiprobe was launched in 1978 and arrived in late autumn. The probes descended through the atmosphere and sent back information about the conditions. NASA   The probes were not designed to survive impact with the surface, but the day probe, sent to the daylight side, did manage to last a while. It sent temperature data from the surface for 67 minutes until its batteries were depleted. The carrier vehicle, not designed for atmospheric reentry, followed the probes into the Venusian environment and relayed data about the characteristics of the extreme outer atmosphere until it was destroyed by atmospheric heating. The Pioneer missions had a long and honorable place in space exploration history. They paved the way for other missions and contributed greatly to our understanding of not only planets but also the interplanetary space through which they move. Fast Facts about The Pioneer Missions The Pioneer missions comprised a number of spacecraft to planets ranging from the Moon and Venus to the outer gas giants Jupiter and Saturn.The first successful Pioneer missions went to the Moon.The most complex mission was Pioneer Venus Multiprobe. Edited and updated by Carolyn Collins Petersen

Introduction And Background Of Customer Service - 1887 Words

INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND OF CUSTOMER SERVICES What is Customer service? Customer service is a marketing tem that how product or services provide by a company ,it is an act of taking care of customer demand and need by providing and high quality service and assistance before customer avail it and after service as well. It’s all about that we required to make sure that we meet the customer`s desire and needs. Customer service is all about interaction between a customer and service provider and Service is defined as activities whose output is not a physical product, it is added value in form of as convince, comfort that are essentially intangible concerns. Background: Humans figured out trade very early on. By 3000 BC, humans were setting out on missions of water bound trade, and by 1000 BC, merchants were becoming a part of societies. There were ideas about how to treat customers. The beginning of the industrial age brought the vast new challenge of a customer base the proprietor would likely never meet in person. Here is a brief overview of some of the milestones in Customer Service and where we might go in the future. †¢ 1760-1820: The industrial revolution creates the concept of scale and the need for customer service teams. †¢ 1876: Alexander Graham Bell patents the electric telephone. Customer service takes a leap forward as customers can avoid having to travel long distances for product information or to arrange for repairs. †¢ 1965: MIT s CTSS Mail becomes the firstShow MoreRelatedIntroduction And Background Of Customer Service1450 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Æ' CONTENTS INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND OF CUSTOMER SERVICES 1 Customer service: 1 Background: 1 CUSTOMERS` PROBLEMS DEMAND 3 The top customer issues 3 Percentage highly annoyed 3 Customers` Demands 4 CHANGING TREND OF CUSTOMER SERVICE 5 RECOMMENDATION TO IMPROVE CUSTOMER SATISFACTION 6 CONCLUSION 7 REFERENCE: 8 â€Æ' INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND OF CUSTOMER SERVICES Customer service: is a marketing tem that how product or services provide by a company ,it is an act of taking care of customer demand andRead MoreIntroduction And Background Of Customer Service1424 Words   |  6 PagesINTRODUCTION BACKGROUND OF CUSTOMER SERVICES Customer service: is a marketing tem that how product or services provide by a company ,it is an act of taking care of customer demand and need by providing and high quality service and assistance before customer avail it and after service as well. It’s all about that we required to make sure that we meet the customer`s desire and needs. Customer service is all about interaction between a customer and service provider and Service is defined as activitiesRead MoreHuman Resource Management Practices of the Sydney Hotel741 Words   |  3 PagesCHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Background Sydney Hotel is a profit organization which was establish on June 1991 and it was started operate in General Santos City on 1993. For the successive years of operation, there was large number of guest every year that Check in the Hotel. It became a challenge to the president, Charlemagne T Delfino. Sydney Hotel is one of General Santos Citys preferred hotels. The hotel is well-equipped with spacious function rooms for banquets and conferences. SydneyRead MoreNotes On Red Mango Inc1485 Words   |  6 PagesASSIGNMENT INTRODUCTION TO MARKETING BUMKT 1501 TOPIC – RED MANGO GROUP MEMBERS SIMANT SAHI – 30309353 JASKARAN SINGH BOPARAI - 30130139 INDEX INTRODUCTION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 INDUSTRY BACKGROUND†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.3 COMPANY BACKGROUND†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.4 MACRO ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.4 MICRO ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..5 SWOT ANALYSIS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 TARGET MARKET†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreEffects on Mergers and Acquisitions on Bank Growth1247 Words   |  5 PagesEFFECTS OF MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS ON BUSINESS GROWTH: CASE STUDY OF SOCIÉTÉ GÉNÉRALE - SOCIAL SECURITY BANK LTD (SG-SSB) CHAPTER ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY Chief Executive Officers and the Board of Directors of most businesses often think about the growth of their businesses. 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Future Direction / Long-Term Focus 2 6. Results / Conclusion 2 Appendices 3 Appendix A – Scenarios 3 Appendix B – Options 3 Appendix C – Authors 3 Appendix D – References 3 1. Introduction / Background The Ullman, Manly, Ulysses Corporation (UMUC) has grownRead MoreProgress Report on My Execution of Duties in the Customer Service Department from 1 June -31 August, 20111256 Words   |  6 PagesON MY EXECUTION OF DUTIES IN THE CUSTOMER SERVICE DEPARTMENT FROM 1 JUNE -31 AUGUST, 2011 SUBMITTED BY Sekelagha mkangama SEPTEMBER, 2011 1.0 INTRODUCTION This report gives an account of the progress that I have made in execution of duties in my assignment in the Customer Service Department during the first three months that I have covered in my position as a management trainee, effective 1st June, 2011. 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Student Ethics in Personal Life-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: What are your ethical standards when it comes to your current role as a student? Why those standards in specific? Are those standards acceptable in the context of the educational institution you are in, how so? Answer: Introduction: Personal standards of ethics are a form of philosophy that determines what belief an individual has regarding morality and right and wrong (Ritchie et al., 2013). The aim of this report is to reflect on the personal, academic and professional ethical standards and how it helps shaping my life. Discussion: Academic Ethics: I have to adhere to certain professional standards of ethics as a student. I personally follow most of the general standards that are considered moral in the classroom paradigm. I give importance to conserving personal honor and integrity, quality and personal equity. I believe that one should stay true and honest with his own conscience. I consider having personal honor and integrity important to keep the reputation of oneself as well the institution they represent. I have seen a students career being subjected to jeopardy, when he was dishonest in an academic setting and was terminated form the institute. My own personal ethics does not sway from the provided ethical standards of my institute. Having non-discriminating and non-harassing policies in academic institutes helps to maintain decorum and promote cultural and racial sensitivity. Students of all ethnic, cultural, racial and financial background make the academic institute more productive and diverse. Professional ethics: The basic educational ethical standards that I follow are not different from my professional ethics (Parrott, 2014). I believe a good social worker should have professional integrity, competence and a strong sense of social justice and service. My duty as a social worker compels me to be aware of the values, mission and ethical principles and standards and practice them consistent manner. I once saw an old aged woman asking for help after she was mugged and no one came to her help, but I called the police and sought to get the medical help she required. My sense of social justice compelled me to pursue this profession. The professional life of a social worker is fundamentally dependant on the ethical conducts I have chosen and they help me achieve my professional goals. Constant struggle, intolerance towards injustice and ethical integrity are the pillars of my profession (2018). Personal Life ethics: I believe, every aspect of a persons life is determined by their ethical standard. Having honesty, modesty and maintaining a healthy and disciplined life ensures a long and sustainable future (Shaw, 2013). I believe that family is most important aspect of ones life and providing a good future to the children. Developing honest conscience and modest lifestyle ensures safe and secure future Ethical conducts are necessary to maintain good family relations. Maintain good behavior with spouse, parents and children make family life happy. The increasing number of diseases, can only be fought by being cautious and maintaining a healthy life. Conclusion: Conclusively, I think that personal, professional and academic ethical conducts are all interrelated to maintain a disciplined and healthy life. It is clear from the discussion that personal ethics shape the overall personality of a human being and an academic and professional ethical standard are interrelated and builds a better social structure References: Code of Ethics: English. (2018).Socialworkers.org. Retrieved 14 February 2018, from https://www.socialworkers.org/About/Ethics/Code-of-Ethics/Code-of-Ethics-English Parrott, L. (2014).Values and ethics in social work practice. Learning Matters. Ritchie, J., Lewis, J., Nicholls, C. M., Ormston, R. (Eds.). (2013).Qualitative research practice: A guide for social science students and researchers. Sage. Shaw, W. H. (2013). Social and personal ethics.